Basic principles of phenogenetic logic. (a) Modularity is ubiquitous in the genome. A schematic representation of a region of a chromosome illustrates the kinds of modular units that are typically found. (b) Most gene expression involves arbitrary combinatorial coding. Labels identify proteins that are used in signalling. The signalling code specifies expression of the final gene (red rectangle within the nucleus).

Reproduced with permission from Nature Reviews Genetics 6, 36-45 copyright 2005 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.

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